The effects of different seedbeds on western larch (Larix occidentalis) germination and seedling mortality were assessed in a grandfir/ninebark (Abies grandis/Physocarpus malvaceus) habitat type in northern, Idaho,  U.S.A. Two plots were established on each off our sites, and 150 western larch seeds (66% viable) were distributed on each of 16 randomly applied seedbed modification combinations (burned or mechanical scarified, mineral soil or duff, shaded or non-shaded, caged or non-caged for protection from predation).