Fuel treatment activities are analyzed at the landscape scale by using both simulation and optimization. Simulating vegetative patterns and processes at landscape scales (SIMPPLLE), a stochastic simulation modeling system, is initially applied to assess wildfire risks on the current landscape without management treatments but with fire suppression. These simulation results are input into a multi-resource analysis and geographic information system (MAGIS), an optimization modeling system, for scheduling activities that reduce these risks and address other management objectives. The derived treatment schedules are used in additional SIMPPLLE simulations to examine the change in wildfire risk and other natural processes. Fuel treatment effects are quantified as changes in the predicted extent and intensity of future wildfires and the resulting economic benefits.