This proceedings of a workshop summarizes presentations and discussions on ways in which science can help wildland fire planning and management be more strategic, reduce costs, and ultimately increase resilience to wildland fire, both on the land and in communities affected by fire. Its organization follows the structure of the workshop. Chapter 2 summarizes remarks given by representatives of the U.S. Forest Service. Chapter 3 captures the presentations of the workshop’s two keynote speakers, who focused on the United States’ past and future with fire, respectively. Chapters 4 and 5 review the current understandings of the state of the science relative to fire and the challenges to living with fire. Biographies for all the workshop speakers can be found in Appendix C. Chapter 6 summarizes the results of the afternoon’s discussions in the breakout sessions.