The Northern Rockies Adaptation Partnership (NRAP) includes diverse landscapes, ranging from high mountains to grasslands, from alpine glaciers to broad rivers (fig. 1.1). This region, once inhabited solely by Native Americans, has been altered by two centuries of settlement by Euro- Americans through extractive practices such as timber harvest, grazing, and mining, water diversions, and other activities. Although relatively little urbanization is present in this region, paved and unpaved roads and electrical transmission wires permeate much of the landscape. Federal agencies own and manage a significant portion of the Northern Rockies, including 15 national forests and 3 national parks.